Li Hongzhi (1952)

Nathan Salmon (1951)

Ken Wilber (1949)

Peter Sloterdijk (1947)

Michael Ruse (1940)

Richard Swinburne (1934)

Alvin Plantinga (1932)

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (1931-1990)

Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929)

Leszek Kolakowski (1927)

Michael A. E. Dummett (1925)

Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995)

Mary Midgley (1919)

P. F. Strawson (1919)

Donald Davidson (1917)

Roderick Milton Chisholm (1916-1999)

Emil Fackenheim (1916-2003)

Sri K. Pattabhi Jois (1915)

Alan Watts (1915-1973)

Simone Weil (1909-1943)

Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995)

Gustav Bergmann (1906-1987)

Knud Ejler Løgstrup (1905-1981)

Hans Jonas (1903-1993)

Mortimer Adler (1902-2001)

Karl Popper (1902-1994)

Gotthard Günther (1900-1984)

Clive Staples Lewis (1898-1963)

Charles Hartshorne (1897-2000)

Swami Prabhupada (1896-1977)

Jiddhu Krishnamurti (1895-1986)

Roman Ingarden (1893-1970)

Paramahansa Yogananda (1893-1952)

Edith Stein (1891-1942)

Robin George Collingwood (1889-1943)

Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973)

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)

Xavier Zubiri (1889-1983)

Sri Swami Sivananda (1887-1963)

Franklin Merrell-Wolff (1887-1985)

Dimitrije Mitrinovic (1887-1953)

Pietro Ubaldi (1886-1972)

Paul Tillich (1886-1965)

Etienne Gilson (1884-1978)

Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950)

Jacques Maritain (1882-1973)

Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955)

Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950)

P. D. Ouspensky (1878-1947)

William David Ross (1877-1971)

Ralph Barton Perry (1876-1957)

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)

Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)

Leo Baeck (1871-1956)

John Elof Boodin (1869-1950)

George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (1866-1949)

Benedetto Croce (1866-1952)

Franz Rosenzweig (1866-1929)

George Santayana (1863-1952)

Leopold Wertheimer (1862-1937)

John McTaggart (1866-1925)

Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)

Henri Louis Bergson (1859-1941)

Samuel Alexander (1859-1938)

Josiah Royce (1855-1916)

Vladimir Solovyov (1853-1900)

Hans Vaihinger (1852-1933)

Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923)

Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846-1926)

Paul Deussen (1845-1919)

Emile Boutroux (1845-1921)

William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879)

William James (1842-1910)

Eduard von Hartmann (1842-1906)

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914)

Franz Brentano (1838-1917)

Edward Caird (1835-1908)

Shadworth Hodgson (1832-1912)

Gustav Teichmüller (1832-1888)

Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov (1828-1906)

Ludwig Büchner (1824-1899)

Henry Longueville Mansel (1820-1871)

Friedrich Harms (1819-1880)

Rudolf Hermann Lotze (1817-1881)

Charles Renouvier (1815-1903)

Charles Secretan (1815-1895)

Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)

James McCosh (1811-1894)

Bruno Bauer (1809-1882)

James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864)

Hermann Ulrici (1806-1884)

Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire (1805-1895)

James Martineau (1805-1900)

Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872)

Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802-1872)

Vincenzo Gioberti (1801-1852)

Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887)

Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798-1854)

Laurens Perseus Hickok (1798-1888)

Pierre Leroux (1797-1871)

Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus (1796-1862)

Théodore Simon Jouffroy (1796-1842)

Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)

Franz Xaver von Baader (1795-1841)

William Whewell (1794-1866)

Charles Babbage (1792-1871)

Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869)

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)

William Hamilton (1788-1856)

Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781-1832)

Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848)

Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854)

Novalis (1772-1801)

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (1770-1843)

Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834)

Benjamin Constant (1767-1830)

Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835)

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814)

Johann Heinrich Abicht (1762-1816)

Christoph Gottfried Bardili (1761-1808)

Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald (1754-1840)

Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829)

Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819)

William Paley (1743-1805)

Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801)

Johann Georg Hamann (1730-1788)

Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786)

Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Paul Henri Dietrich d'Holbach (1723-1789)

Christian August Crusius (1715-1775)

Isaac de Pinto (1715-1787)

David Hume (1711-1776)

Francis Hutcheson (1694-1746)

William Law (1686-1761)

George Berkeley (1685-1753)

Arthur Collier (1680-1732)

Christian Wolff (1679-1754)

Firmin Abauzit (1679-1767)

Anthony Collins (1676-1729)

Samuel Clarke (1675-1729)

Guido Grandi (1671-1742)

Claude Buffier (1661-1737)

William Wollaston (1659-1724)

John Norris (1657-1711)

Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757)

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)

Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715)

Edward Stillingfleet (1635-1699)

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)

Anne Conway (1631-1678)

John Ray (1627-1705)

Arnold Geulincx (1624-1669)

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

Johannes Clauberg (1622-1665)

Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688)

Henry More (1614-1687)

Antoine Arnauld (1612-1694)

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655)

Uriel Acosta (1585-1640)

Giulio Cesare Vanini (1584-1619)

Edward Herbert (1583-1648)

Robert Fludd (1574-1637)

Mulla Sadra (1571-1640)

Francis of Sales (1567-1622)

Francisco Suarez (1548-1617)

Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)

Jacopo Mazzoni (1548-1598)

Rudolphus Goclenius (1547-1628)

Pierre Charron (1541-1603)

Juan de Mariana (1536-1624)

Laelius Socinus (1525-1562)

Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535)

Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558)

Thomas More (1478-1535)

Agostino Nifo (1470-1538)

John Mair (1467-1550)

Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)

Alessandro Achillini (1463-1512)

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)

Pietro Pomponazzi (1462-1525)

Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522)

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Isaac ben Judah Abrabanel (1437-1508)

Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)

Nicholas of Cusa (1400-1464)

George of Trebizond (1395-1484)

Johannes Bessarion (1395-1472)

George Gemistos Plethon (1355-1452)

Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas (1340-1410)

Jean Buridan (1300-1358)

Gregory of Rimini (1300-1358)

Jan van Ruysbroeck (1293-1381)

Gersonides (1288-1344)

William of Ockham (1287-1347)

John Duns Scotus (1266-1308)

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

Theodore Metochita (1260- 1332)

Meister Eckhart (1260-1328)

Pietro d'Abano (1250-1316)

Godfrey of Fontaines (1250-1306)

Siger of Brabant (1240-1284)

Boëthius of Dacia (1240-1280)

Shri Madhvacharya (1238-1317)

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Nichiren (1222-1282)

Henry of Ghent (1217-1293)

Roger Bacon (1214-1293)

Albertus Magnus (1200-1280)

Robert Grosseteste (1168-1253)

Bernard Silvestris (1147-1178)

William of Auxerre (1140-1231)

Lu Hsiang-shan (1139-1193)

Moses Maimonides (1134-1204)

Joachim of Floris (1132-1202)

Zhu Xi (1130-1200)

Alain de Lille (1128-1202)

Averroes (1126-1198)

Herman of Carinthia (1100-1160)

Avempace (1095-1138)

William of Conches (1080-1154)

Pierre Abelard (1079-1144)

Hugh of St Victor (1078-1141)

Judah Ha Levi (1075-1141)

Gilbert de la Porrée (1070-1154)

William of Champeaux (1070-1121)

Adelard of Bath (1070-1145)

Abu Hamid al Ghazali (1058-1111)

Michael Psellus the Younger (11th century)

Roscelin de Compiegne (1050-1125)

Bahya ibn Paquda (1040-1110)

Saint Anselm (1033-1109)

Solomon Ibn Gabirol (1021-1058)

Shao Yung (1011-1077)

Avicenna (980-1037)

Gerbert of Aurillac (950-1003)

Saadiah Gaon (882-942)

Abu Nasr al Farabi (870-950)

Abu Bakr al Razi (854-925)

Isaac Ben Solomon Israeli (850–950)

Johannes Scotus Eriugena (810-877)

Abu Yusuf (800-870)

Zongmi (780-841)

Kukai (774-835)

Johannes Philoponus (490-575)

Boethius (480-525)

Bodhidharma (470-543)

Damascius (462-550)

Mazdak (died c. 526)

Ammonius Hermiae (440-521)

Proclus (412-487)

Hypatia of Alexandria (370-415)

Aedesius (d. 355)

Saint Augustine (354-430)

Calcidius (fl. 4th cent.)

Alexander of Aphrodisias (280)

Iamblichus (250-325)

Porphyry (232-304)

Plotinus (204-270)

Ammonius Saccas (200)

Celsus (190)

Tertullian (155-240)

Alcinous (fl. 2nd cent.)

Numenius of Apamea (150)

Nagarjuna (150-250)

Marcus Aurelius (121-180)

Valentinius (100-160)

Apollonius of Tyana (2-98)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4bc-65ad)

Jesus Christ (6bc-32ad)

Philo of Alexandria (20bc-50ad)

Titus Lucretius Carus (95-53 bc)

Aenesidemus (100 bc)

Alexander Polyhistor (105-35 bc)

Cicero (106-43 bc)

Antiochus of Ascalon (130-68 bc)

Posidonius (153-51 bc)

Philo of Larissa (160-80 bc)

Kleitomachos (187-109 bc)

Archelaus (490-410 bc)

Empedocles (492-432 bc)