Sebastian Bohnen (1979)

Karina Cahill (1974) Le rôle du sublime dans le système critique kantien

Jason Holt

Laurence BonJour (1969)

David Chalmers (1966)

Max More (1964)

Franz-Peter Burkard (1958) dtv Atlas Philosophie, Pädagogik

Li Hongzhi (1952) Falun Dafa

André Comte-Sponville (1952) Petit traité des grandes vertus

Christine Korsgaard (1952)

Nathan Salmon (1951)

Colin McGinn (1950)

Ken Wilber (1949) his work focuses mainly on uniting

science and religion with the experiences of meditators and mystics

A. C. Grayling (1949)

John Gray (1948)

Peter Sloterdijk (1947) Critique of Cynical Reason

Martha Nussbaum (1947) love's knowledge, the therapy of desire,

Peter Singer (1946)

Susan Haack (1945)

Patricia Smith Churchland (1943) advocate of neurophilosophy,

Paulin J. Hountondji (1942)

Ned Block (1942)

Derek Parfit (1942) propounded a reductionist account of personal identity,

Daniel Dennett (1942) leading proponent of eliminative materialism,

Jon Barwise (1942-2000) logican

Kwame Gyekye (19??)

Jonathan Glover (1941)

Onora O'Neill (1941)

Bas C. van Fraassen (1941)

David K Lewis (1941-2001) philosopher of mind and language,

Joseph D. Sneed (19??)

Michael Ruse (1940)

John Finnis (1940)

George Boolos (1940-1996) logician

Klaus Düsing (1940)

Saul Aaron Kripke (1940) wrote about possible world semantics,

Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker (1939) founder of

the Wuppertal Institute for climate, environment and energy

Robert Nozick (1938-2002) defends the libertarian position that only a minimal state is just,

Alvin Ira Goldman (1938) argued that traditional epistemology

should be replaced by epistemics,

Thomas Nagel (1937)  author of "The possibility of altruism", is an advocate of the idea

that consciousness and subjective experience cannot be reduced to brain activity,

Dag Prawitz (1936)

Rosalind Hursthouse (19??)

Jerry Fodor (1935) philosopher of psychology,

Bernard Gert (1934)

Richard Swinburne (1934) builds a cumulative case for theism,

Jaegwon Kim (1934) makes a case for the "supervenience" theory of mind

Alvin Plantinga (1932) widely regarded to be

the foremost philosophical apologist for Christianity

Fred Dretske (1932) defends representational naturalism,

David Gauthier (1932)

Timothy L.S. Sprigge (1932)

Kwasi Wiredu (1931)

Ronald Dworkin (1931) legal and political theory,

Charles Taylor (1931) historian of modernity,

Richard Rorty (1931) philosopher of mind, liberal ironism,

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (1931-1990) fully enlightened spiritual master

Ernst Tugendhat (1930)

Nuel Belnap (1930) logician

Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) postmodernist, is considered the first to develop

the method of "deconstruction" after it emerged in the work of Martin Heidegger

Allan Bloom (1930-1992) great books education

Richard Montague (1930-1971) logician

Alasdair MacIntyre (1929) specializes in aristotelian ethics,

Jürgen Habermas (1929) explored the normative foundations of

social criticism, expounds communicative rationality based on discourse,

Bernard Williams (1929) author of "Ethics and the limits of philosophy",

spent over 50 years seeking answers to one question:

"What does it mean to live well?"

Jaakko Hintikka (1929) his work on model set techniques yielded

an improved inductive logic,

Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929) author of "A Defense of Abortion"

Humberto Maturana (1928)

Edmund Gettier (1927)

Leszek Kolakowski (1927)

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)

David Stove (1927-1994)

Stanley Louis Cavell (1926) his work defends J. L. Austin from

both positivism and deconstructionism,

Hilary Putnam (1926) advanced functionalism, a theory in

which human beings are conceived of as Turing machines,

David M Armstrong (1926) immanent realist, devised an ontology of states of affairs

Michael A. E. Dummett (1925) gave an exposition of the philosophy of Frege,

Michel de Certeau (1925-1986)

Ernest Gellner (1925-1995)

Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995) used critical interpretations of Spinoza and

Nietzsche as the basis for a profound attack on modernist rationality

Arthur Coleman Danto (1924) philosopher of art,

Paul Feyerabend (1924-1994) held that "anything goes" in science

Radovan Richta (1924-1983)

Rene Girard (1923)

Richard Popkin (1923-2005)

Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) maintained that scientific thought is defined by paradigms,

Imre Lakatos (1922-1974)

Michel Henry (1922-2002)

Norwood Russell Hanson (1922-1967)

Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1921-1990)

Sidney Morgenbesser (1921-2004)

Ruth Barcan Marcus (1921) published the first systematic treatment of quantified modal logic,

William P. Alston (1921) autor of "Divine nature and human language"

John Rawls (1921-2002) held that justice requires that people share eachother's fate

John Jamieson Carswell Smart (1920) utilitarian, australian materialist,

Philippa Foot (1920) moral philosopher,

Mary Midgley (1919)

P. F. Strawson (1919) made contributions to logic, metaphysics and the study of Kant,

Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe (1919-2001) translated Wittgenstein,

said that intention is central to our understanding of ourselves

Richard Mervyn Hare (1919-2002) developed prescriptivism in metaethics,

Donald Davidson (1917-2003) metaphysician,

Peter Geach (1916) known for the frege geach point, that the same

thought may occur as asserted or unasserted and yet retain the same truth value

G. H. von Wright (1916-2003) analytical philosopher, logician,

Roderick Milton Chisholm (1916-1999) defended foundationalism,

Emil Fackenheim (1916-2003)

Sri K. Pattabhi Jois (1915) teaches the ashtanga system of yoga

Paul Lorenzen (1915-1995) logician

Thomas Berry (1914)

Alan Watts (1915-1973)

Arthur Prior (1914-1969)

Paul Ricoeur (1913) attempted to combine phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation

Alan Gewirth (1912-2004)

Arne Næss (1912)

Wilfrid Sellars (1912-1989) was perhaps the first philosopher to effectively combine elements of

American Pragmatism with elements of British and American analytic philosophy

and Austrian and German logical positivism

Maurice Allais (1911) devised a rationality paradox,

Norman Malcolm (1911-1990) foremost american interpreter and advocate of Wittgenstein

Richard B. Brandt (1910-1997) rule utilitarianist,

Alfred Jules Ayer (1910-1989) helped to popularise logical positivism in English-speaking countries

Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) defined his position as radical objective pluralism,

defended liberalism in his essay "Two Concepts of Liberty"

Simone Weil (1909-1943) was a religious philosopher, she

understood God as a goodness that is revealed in self emptying,

Willard van Orman Quine (1908-2000) advocate of extensionalism,

naturalism, physicalism and holism

William K Frankena (1908-1994) moral philosopher,

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) best known for her work

"Le Deuxième Sexe" which contained detailed analysis of women's oppression

Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961) phenomenologist philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl,

developed the concept of the "body-subject" as an alternative to the cartesian "cogito" in his book 

"The Phenomenology of Perception"

Charles Leslie Stevenson (1908-1979)

H. B. Acton (1908-1974)

Jan Patocka (1907-1977)

Maurice Blanchot (1907-2003)

Jean Beaufret (1907-1982)

Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (1907-1992) revived legal and political philosophy after world war II

Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995) introduced the work of Husserl and Heidegger in France

Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) studied with Heidegger and Jaspers, author

of "The Origins of Totalitarianism", which traced the roots of communism

and fascism and their link to anti-semitism

Gustav Bergmann (1906-1987) the youngest member of the Vienna circle,

Kurt Gödel (1906-1978) mathematician and philosopher

Knud Ejler Løgstrup (1905-1981)

Carl Gustav Hempel (1905-1997) associated with the Vienna Circle,

Elias Canetti (1905-1994)

Ayn Rand (1905-1982) gave a defense of ethical egoism,

Emmanuel Mounier (1905-1950) prime representative of personalism

Arthur Koestler (1905-1983) novelist, political activist, and social philosopher. His work 

"The Roots of Coincidence" also discusses a quantum theory of coincidence or synchronicity.

More controversially he also studied levitation and telepathy

Jean Paul Satre (1905-1980) leading advocate of existentialism,

siad that man makes himself and that hell is other people,

Georges Canguilhem (1904-1996) revised Bachelard's view of science,

Alonzo Church (1903-1995) discovered the church lambda operator in pure logic,

Hans Jonas (1903-1993)

Mortimer Adler (1902-2001)

Karl Popper (1902-1994) maintained that the criterion of demarcation

of empirical science from pseudo science is falsifiability,

Raymond Bragg (1902-1979)

Alexandre Kojève (1902-1968)

Ernest Nagel (1901-1985) philosopher of science,

Alfred Tarski (1901-1983) his  theory of truth for formalized languages

can be seen as a correspondence theory of truth

Nicola Abbagnano (1901-1990)

Eric Voegelin (1901-1985)

Gotthard Günther (1900-1984) logician

Michael Oakeshott (1900-1991) melded holistic idealism with a

morality and politics radical in their affirmation of individuality

Hans Georg Gadamer (1900-2002) his philosophical project, as explained in his main work

 "Truth and Method", was to elaborate on the concept of "philosophical hermeneutics"

Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976) is principally known for his critique of Cartesian

dualism, for which he coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine",

gave a defense of logical behaviorism,

Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899-1990)

Henry Habberley Price (1899-1984)

Oets Kolk Bouwsma (1898-1978) his talent lay in exposing

central sentences in an argument as disguised nonsense

Clive Staples Lewis (1898-1963) christian apologist,

Emil Leon Post (1897-1954) logician, mathematician

Charles Hartshorne (1897-2000) held that the universe is God's body,

Swami Prabhupada (1896-1977) composed a translation of

the Eighteen-thousand verse Srimad-Bhagavatam

Susanne Langer (1895-1985) aesthetician

Jiddhu Krishnamurti (1895-1986) Indian religious figure whose

message centered on the need for maximum self-awareness

Mikhail Mikhailovitch Bakhtin (1895-1975) cultural theorist,

taught that dialogue marks the existential condition of humanity,

Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) author of "A brave new world" and

"The Perennial Philosophy", which discussed teachings of the world's great mystics

I. A. Richards (1893-1979)

Roman Ingarden (1893-1970) phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician

Paramahansa Yogananda (1893-1952) was a Bengali yogi and guru

Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) leader of the Vienna circle,

author of "The logical structure of the world"

Hans Reichenbach (1891-1953) put forth logical empiricism which 

consisted in rejecting phenomenalism in favor of physicalism,

Edith Stein (1891-1942) author of "Endliches und ewiges Sein" 

which tries to combine the philosophies of Aquinas and Husserl

Michael Polanyi (1891-1976)

Hu Shih (1891-1962)

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890-1963) logician

Robin George Collingwood (1889-1943) attempted to present

orthodox christianity as philosophically acceptable,

Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973) coined the word existentialism

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) studied under Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology,

in his major work "Bing and Time" he said that Dasein finds itself thrown into a world not of its choosing

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) taught that philosophical problems

can be resolved by paying attention to the working of language,

Xavier Zubiri (1889-1983)

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975) introduced the thinking of western idealist philosophers into Indian thought

Sri Swami Sivananda (1887-1963) founded The Divine Life Society

Franklin Merrell-Wolff (1887-1985)

Dimitrije Mitrinovic (1887-1953)

Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz (1886-1980)

Pietro Ubaldi (1886-1972)

Tadeusz Kotarbinski (1886-1981) cofounder of the Warsaw center of logical research

Paul Tillich (1886-1965) theologian, said that every age has its distinctive crisis,

which can be seen as the time for creative thought and action,

William Durant (1885-1981)

Julius Ebbinghaus (1885-1981)

Leon Chwistek (1884-1944)

Ernst Bloch (1885-1977) influenced by marxism, the principle of hope,

Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz (1885-1939)

Etienne Gilson (1884-1978) attempted to reestablish Aquinas's distinction

between essence and existence in created being,

Karl Jaspers (1883-1969) existentialist,

Clarence Irving Lewis (1883-1964) pragmatist

José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955) said that something is real only insofar as it appears in his life,

Moritz Schlick (1882-1936)

Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950)

Jacques Maritain (1882-1973) neo thomist,

Friedrich Dessauer (1881-1963) wrote about the philosophy of technology

Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) paleontologist, jesuit priest, discovered the peking man,

the omega would be the full presence of Christ,

Curt John Ducasse (1881-1969) philosopher of mind and aesthetician,

Luitzgen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (1881-1966) topologist, founder

of the intuitionist school in the philosophy of mathematics,

Otto Weininger (1880-1903)

Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (1879-1918) jurist who identified eight fundamental legal conceptions,

Gustav Gustavovich Shept (1879-1937) russian phenomenologist,

Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950) founded an ashram

after reaching enlightenment at 17

Ernst Mally (1879-1944) logician

P. D. Ouspensky (1878-1947)

Jan Lukasiewicz (1878-1956) discovered many valued logic,

William David Ross (1877-1971) aristotelian scholar and moral philosopher,

Ralph Barton Perry (1876-1957) general theory of value, the new realism,

Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician

Nicolas Berdyaev (1874-1948) kantian marxist,

Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945) said that all human knowledge depends on

the power to form experience through some type of symbolism,

Max Scheler (1874-1928) taught that values are objective though non Platonic essences, they

correspond to the personalities of their discoverers: the artist, the hero, the genius and the saint

Alexander Bogdanov (1873-1928)

George Edward Moore (1873-1958) spearheaded the attack on idealism, major supporter of realism,

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) one of the founders of analytic philosophy, logical atomism,

Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950) Indian nationalist leader and mystic philosopher

Leo Baeck (1871-1956) studied philosophy in Berlin with Wilhelm Dilthey, he was one of the

outstanding German-Jewish scholars of the 20th century and a leader of Progressive Judaism

Harold Arthur Prichard (1871-1947) founder of the Oxford school of intuitionism,

Leon Brunschvicg (1869-1944) defined philosophy as the mind's methodological self reflection,

John Elof Boodin (1869-1950)

Julien Benda (1867-1956)

Kazimierz Twardowski (1866-1938)

George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (1866-1949) established the Institute

for the Harmonious Development of Man

Benedetto Croce (1866-1952) hegelian, chief anti fascist thinker in Italy,

John McTaggart (1866-1925) studies in Hegelian dialectic,

Franz Rosenzweig (1866-1929) jewish theologian know as one

of the founders of religious existentialism,

Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923) launched the school of history of religion,

Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936) said that faith characterizes the authentic life,

George Santayana (1863-1952) aristotelian, beauty is objectified pleasure,

human beings are animals in a material world contingent to the core,

Heinrich Rickert (1863-1936) is known for his discussion of a qualitative

distinction to be made between historical and scientific facts

Leopold Wertheimer (1862-1937)

Maurice Blondel (1861-1949) discovered the deist background of human action

Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) published the "Principia Mathematica" with Russell,

Henri Louis Bergson (1859-1941) cofounded the Unesco,

disciple of Spencer, distinguished between the open and the closed society,

Samuel Alexander (1859-1938) gave an account of the place of mind in nature,

Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) founder of phenomenology,

William Ernest Johnson (1858-1931) philosopher of psychology and logic,

Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941) democratic elitism,

Hastings Rashdall (1858-1924) the theory of good and evil,

Elbert Hubbard (1856-1915)

Josiah Royce (1855-1916) pragmatic idealism, ethics of loyalty,

theory of community, self is constituted by a life plan,

Henri Poincaré (1854-1912)

Paul Gerhard Natorp (1854-1924)

Vladimir Solovyov (1853-1900) was the founder of a tradition of Russian spirituality that

brought together philosophy, mysticism, and theology with a powerful social message, he

also wrote "The Meaning of Love" and "Lectures on Divine-Humanity"

Robert Adamson (1852-1902)

Hans Vaihinger (1852-1933) neo Kantian, started publishing Kant Studien in 1896 and founded the Kant

society in 1904, held that we must act as if values were true because they have biological utility,

John Cook Wilson (1849-1915) logician, oxford realist,

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) founder of modern mathematical logic,

Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923)  was one of the chief philosophers in England who helped

revive the idealism of G.W.F. Hegel, this movement became known as British idealism

Wilhelm Windelband (1848-1915) originator of Baden neo Kantianism,

Borden Parker Bowne (1847-1910)

Georges Sorel (1847-1922) social activist, reflections on violence, introduced

myth rather than reason as the correct way to interpret social totality

Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846-1926)

F. H. Bradley (1846-1924) idealist, religious consciousness requires dying

to one's natural self through faith in the actual existence of the moral ideal

William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879) along with Hermann Grassmann he discovered what is now

often called geometric algebra, which is a special case of the Clifford algebras named in his honor.

He was also the first to suggest that gravitation might be due to an underlying geometry,

and in his philosophical work coined the phrases "mind-stuff" and "tribal self"

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) called for a revaluation of

all values, distinguished between master and slave morality

Antonio Labriola (1843-1904) studied Hegel and was the father of Italian Marxism

Richard Avenarius (1843-1896) if we can avoid interjecting feeling and thought

and will into experience we could attain the original natural view of the world

Hermann Cohen (1842-1918) led with Paul Natrop

the marburg school of neo kantianism,

William James (1842-1910) was one of the founders

of pragmatism, author of "the principles of psychology"

Eduard von Hartmann (1842-1906) sought to synthesize

the thought of Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer,

Philipp Mainländer (1841-1876)

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) founder of pragmatism,

Franz Brentano (1838-1917) revived aristotelianism,

favored reism according to which only individuals exist

Henry Sidgwick (1838-1900) the methods of ethics,

Afrikan Spir (1837-1890) Neo-Kantian whose book "thought and reality"

exerted a very strong influence on the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche

Thomas Hill Green (1836-1882) absolute idealist, appealed to Englishmen

to close their Mill and Spencer and open their Kant and Hegel

Edward Caird (1835-1908) absolute idealist, religion progressively understands

God as the Absolute and hence as what reconciles self and world,

John Venn (1834-1923) developed diagrams for syllogistic logic,

Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911) his main project was

to establish the conditions of historical knowledge,

Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) "Heroic materialism" characterized Dühring's philosophy,

he attacked capitalism, Marxism, organized Christianity and Judaism

Leslie Stephen (1832-1904) literary critic, tried

to develop an evolutionary theory of morality,

Gustav Teichmüller (1832-1888) historian of philosophy, maintained that the self is the

most fundamental reality and the conceptual world is a projection of its constituting activity

Friedrich Albert Lange (1828-1875) was a social scientist, but still graces this

gallery because he established neo Kantian studies at Marburg University

Hippolyte Taine (1828-1893) was the philosopher of the epoch which succeeded the

era of romanticism (1820-1850) in France and wrote "Origines de la France Contemporaine"

Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) novelist, reformer, and moral thinker

Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802-1872)

Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) personages are the most important causal factor in history,

Franz Xaver von Baader (1795-1841)

William Whewell (1794-1866) philosopher and historian of science

Charles Babbage (1792-1871) invented the difference and the analytical engine

Victor Cousin (1792-1867) as minister of education in

France he introduced philosophy into the curriculum,

Samuel Bailey (1791-1870)

Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869)

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) the world as will and representation,

during aesthetic experience we recognize the universal idea within the particular,

William Hamilton (1788-1856) scottish common sense philosopher,

Alexander Bryan Johnson (1786-1867)

Marie Henri Beyle, aka Stendhal (1783-1842) On Love

Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781-1832) panentheism,

mystified Kant, anticipated Hegel's end of history

Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848) philosopher, mathematician, and theologian

Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger (1780-1890)

John Abercrombie (1780-1844)

Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (1778-1841)

Mary Shepherd (1777-1847) an essay on the relation of cause and effect,

Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854) his philosophy

of nature attempts to derive consciousness form objects,

William Thompson (1775-1833)

James Mill (1773-1836)

Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773-1843)

Francois Marie Charles Fourier (1772-1837) utopian socialist,

Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829) originator of the romantic theory of irony,

Novalis (1772-1801) poet and philosopher, attempted to

complement Fichte's focus on philosophical speculation,

Heinrich von Kleist (1771-1811) the antimony of reason and sentiment,

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) systematic idealist,

what is actual is rational, wrote the phenomenology of spirit,

Johann Christian Friedrich Hoelderlin (1770-1843) called for a new mythology of reason,

Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) critical realist, created modern general hermeneutics,

Benjamin Constant (1767-1830) liberalist, analyzed historical

forces and believed that wars are a thing of the past,

Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835)  regarded as the father of

comparative linguistics, diplomat, explorer

Pierre Hyacinthe Azais (1766-1845)

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) transcendental

idealism, theory of science, the ego alone is real

Johann Heinrich Abicht (1762-1816)

Christoph Gottfried Bardili (1761-1808)

Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761-1833) influential early critic of Kant and Reinhold,

Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805) poet and philosopher, revised

Kant's transcendental idealism with Reinhold and Fichte,

letters on the aesthetic education of man,

Archibald Alison (1757-1839)

William Godwin (1756-1836) utilitarian,

Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald (1754-1840)

Joseph Marie de Maistre (1753-1821) can be counted,

with Edmund Burke, as one of the originators of conservatism

Salomon Maimon (1753-1800) protégé of Moses Mendelssohn,

Adolph Franz Friedrich Ludwig Freiherr Knigge (1752-1796) On Human Relations

Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829)

Richard Payne Knight (1750-1824) aesthetician

Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)

his philosophy involved naturalism, organicism and vitalism

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819) criticized

transcendental idealism, influenced german idealism,

William Paley (1743-1805) introduced utilitarianism to a wide public,

Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1743-1819) both a popularizer and critic of Kant,

Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) contributed to the encyclopedia,

analyzed social institutions, discovered the voting paradox,

Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801)

Thomas Percival (1740-1804) physician and author of medical ethics,

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) criminologist,

Johann Nicolas Tetens (1736-1807) attempted to find

a middle way between rationalism and empiricism,

James Beattie (1735-1803) critic of Hume, when his Essay

was translated into german he gave Kant access to Hume's thought

Johann Georg Hamann (1730-1788) had a great impact

on Kant's philosophy by his translations of Hume,

Edmund Burke (1729-1797) skepticism,

Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) the jewish Socrates,

there is a universal religion of reason,

Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777) attempted

to revise metaphysics by opting for phenomenalism,

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is best known for establishing the categorical imperative

as well as asserting that we can have real knowledge only of categories and must have faith in God

Adam Ferguson (1723-1816) the rise and fall of virtue in individuals and societies,

Paul Henri Dietrich d'Holbach (1723-1789) contributor to

the encyclopedia, systematized Diderot's naturalism,

Richard Price (1723-1791) a review of the principal questions

in morals is a defense of rationalism in ethics,

François Hemsterhuis (1721-1790)

Anthony William Amo (1703–1759)

John Gay (1699-1745) moralist who tried to reconcile

divine command theory and utilitarianism,

George Turnbull (1698-1748) moral sense philosopher,

Francis Hutcheson (1694-1746) the quality the sense of beauty consistently finds

pleasurable is a pattern of uniformity amidst variety, while the quality

the moral sense invariably approves is benevolence

François Marie Arouet Voltaire (1694-1708) Candide, man is evil,

yet there is a good God above,

Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694-1768) apology for

or defense of the rational worshipers of God,

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) political philosopher of the enlightenment,

William Law (1686-1761)

John Balguy (1686-1748)

George Berkeley (1685-1753) empiricist, idealism, esse est percipi,

Arthur Collier (1680-1732) like Berkley he defends immaterialism

as the only alternative to skepticism,

Catherine Trotter Cockburn (1679-1749) the nature of moral obligation,

Christian Wolff (1679-1754) advocate of secular rationalism,

Firmin Abauzit (1679-1767)

Anthony Collins (1676-1729)

Samuel Clarke (1675-1729) developed a forceful version of

the cosmological argument for the existence of God,

Gershom Carmichael (1672-1729)

Shaftesbury (1671-1713) originated the moral sense theory,

Guido Grandi (1671-1742)

Bernard de Mandeville (1670-1733)

Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) founded modern

philosophy of history, culture and mythology,

Mary Astell (1666-1731) feminist, her works present

an educational program to fit women rationally for their religious duties

Claude Buffier (1661-1737)

Lady Masham Damaris Cudworth (1659-1708) exchanged

letters with Leibniz and Locke, argued against John Norris

William Wollaston (1659-1724) God has preestablished

a harmony between reason and happiness,

Matthew Tindal (1657-1733)

John Norris (1657-1711)

Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757) jesuit,

secretary of the academy of sciences,

Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes

Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) calvinist,

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was a philosopher, scientist, mathematician, diplomat, librarian, and lawyer.

he came up with the term "function" in mathematics. Together with newton he is credited with having invented calculus.

Leibniz also constructed the first mechanical calculator capable of multiplication and division. He also developed

the modern form of the binary numeral system, used in digital computers

Joseph Glanvill (1636-1680) claimed that the human corruption that resulted

form Adam's fall precludes dogmatic knowledge of nature

Edward Stillingfleet (1635-1699) controversialist,

John Locke (1632-1704) all knowledge comes form experience

Samuel Pufendorf (1632-1694) theorist of natural law,

Louis de La Forge (1632-1666) cartesian,

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) rationalist, God is substance

Richard Cumberland (1631-1718) forerunner of utilitarianism

Anne Conway (1631-1678) was associated with the Cambridge Platonists,

Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy

John Ray (1627-1705) naturalist, his work gave a strong impetus to

the design argument in natural theology,

Arnold Geulincx (1624-1669) cartesian, proposed a system of ethics

grounded in the idea of a virtuous will

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) mathematician, because the potential winnings are infinite,

religious belief is more rational than unbelief

Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) developed a theory of organic materialism,

Johannes Clauberg (1622-1665)

Elizabeth of Bohemia (1618-1680) corresponded with Descartes,

Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688) was an English philosopher, the leader of the Cambridge Platonists

Henry More (1614-1687) camebridge platonist,

Antoine Arnauld (1612-1694) jansenist, composed the port royal logic with

Peree Nicloe, criticized Descartes, Malebranche, Leibniz

James Harrington (1611-1677)

Baltasar Gracian y Morales (1601-1658) jesuit, anticipated Rousseau's noble savage,

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) founder of the modern age, I think therefore I am, therefore God is

Isaac La Peyrere (1596-1676) calvinist, anticipated ecumenism and zionism,

Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) author of the fifth set of objections to Descartes' Meditations,

John of Saint Thomas (1589-1644) thomist,

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) the leviathan influenced moral and political philosophy,

the state and the right of nature, human beings always act out of self interest,

Robert Filmer (1588-1653) argued that God gave complete authority over the world to Adam

Martin Mersenne (1588-1648) priest who believed that

to increase scientific knowledge is to know and serve God,

Johann Heinrich Alsted (1588-1638)

Uriel Acosta (1585-1640)

Giulio Cesare Vanini (1584-1619) free-thinker, like Giordano Bruno

he was among those who led the attack on the old scholasticism and

helped to lay the foundation of modern philosophy

Edward Herbert (1583-1648)

Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) humanist, founder of modern views of international law,

Robert Fludd (1574-1637) neoplatonic, creation is the extension of divine light into matter,

Mulla Sadra (1571-1640)

Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639) dominican monk

who hoped to found a new christian philosophy,

Francis of Sales (1567-1622)

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) knowledge is power, idols

are a hindrance to knowledge,

Heinrich Khunrath (1560-1605)

Guillaume du Vair (1556-1621) neo Stoic,

Francisco Sanches (1551-1623) declared that he

did not even know if he knew nothing,

Francisco Suarez (1548-1617) jesuit, his disputations are the first systematic works

on metaphysics written in the west that are not a commentary on Aristotle's metaphysics

Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) supported the copernican

heliocentric hypothesis, wrote on magic and the art of memory,

Jacopo Mazzoni (1548-1598)

Justus Lipsius (1547-1606)

Rudolphus Goclenius (1547-1628) aristotelian, published two philosophical lexicons,

Pierre Charron (1541-1603) was the principal expositor of

Montaigne's ideas, taught that we should accept Christianity on faith alone,

Yi I (1536-1584)

Juan de Mariana (1536-1624) jesuit historian, anticipated

the social contract idea of Hobbes and Rousseau,

Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) set forth the renaissance version of greek skepticism,

Jacopo Zabarella (1532-1589) aristotelian,

Wawrzyniec Grzymala Goslicki (1530-1607)

Jean Bodin (1529-1596) political philosopher,

Pedro da Fonseca (1528-1599) jesuit, aristotelian,

Laelius Socinus (1525-1562) founder of Socinianism,

they regarded Christ as human not divine,

Petrus Ramus (1515-1572) proposed a socratizing of logic,

Bernardino Telesio (1509-1588) his scientific empiricism influenced Bacon and Galileo,

Yi Hwang (1501-1570)

Francisco de Vitoria (1492-1546) is regarded as

the founder of modern international law,

Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540) humanist,

Thomas Elyot (1490-1546)

Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535) magician and

occult writer, astrologer, and alchemist

Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558)

Thomas More (1478-1535) coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to an ideal,

imaginary island nation whose political system he described in a book of the same title

Wang Yangming (1472-1529)

Agostino Nifo (1470-1538)

Willibald Pirckheimer (1470-1530) humanist

Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) political theorist,

the reason of state recognizes no moral superior,

John Mair (1467-1550)

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) humanist,

Alessandro Achillini (1463-1512)

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) humanist philosopher and scholar

Pietro Pomponazzi (1462-1525) aristotelian, divine

predestination and human freedom are compatible,

Judah Abrabanel (1460-1523) wrote a dialogue in which

sophia and philo explore the nature of cosmic love

Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522) humanist and Hebrew scholar

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) painter and universal genius who

has been described as the archetype of the "Renaissance man",

he held that it is beneficial to develop ambidexterity

Rodolphus Agricola (1443-1485)

Kabir (1440-1518) Indian Mystic who preached

an ideal of seeing all of humanity as one

Isaac ben Judah Abrabanel (1437-1508) theodicy,

attacked Maimonides naturalistic views of prophecy,

Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) neoplatonic, priest

Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) humanist and historian,

Leone Battista Alberti (1404-1472)

Nicholas of Cusa (1400-1464) renaissance platonist,

taught that all opposites are united in their infinte measure,

George of Trebizond (1395-1484)

Johannes Bessarion, or Basilus (1395-1472) patriarch of Constantinople, and one of

the Greek scholars who contributed to the great revival of letters in the 15th century

Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471) author of the Imitation of Christ,

one of the most well-known Christian books on devotion

Paul of Venice (1368-1429) Augustinian philosopher logician and theologian

Zeami Motokiyo (1363-1443) aestetician

George Gemistos Plethon (1355-1452)

Manuel Chrysoloras (1355-1415)

Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas (1340-1410) was a Jewish philosopher and a renowned halakhist

Marsilius of Inghen (1330-1396) established nominalism in Germany,

Albert of Saxony (1316-1390)

William Heytesbury (1313-1372) chancellor of Oxford university,

Richard Kilvington (1302-1361) one of the oxford calculators, sophistmata

Jean Buridan (1300-1358) Burdian's ass is an ass starving to death between

two equidistant and equally tempting piles of hay,

Gregory of Rimini (1300-1358) interpreter of Augustine,

Jan van Ruysbroeck (1293-1381)

Gersonides (1288-1344) the leading jewish aristotelian after Maimonides,

William of Ockham (1287-1347) fransiscan monk, father of nominalism,

ockham's razor the principle of parsimony,

Marsilius of Padua (1275-1342) political theorist, attacked the supremacy of the pope,

Walter Burley (1275-1344) aristotelian, attacked ockham's logic,

John Duns Scotus (1266-1308) franciscan, showed the

goal of metaphysics is to demonstrate God as the Infinite Being

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) The Divine Comedy

Richard Rufus (1260) commentator on Aristotle,

he was the first medieval proponent of the theory of impetus,

Theodore Metochita (1260- 1332)

Meister Eckhart (1260-1328) mystic, dominican monk,

Pietro d'Abano (1250-1316)

Godfrey of Fontaines (1250-1306) aristotelian,

Giles of Rome (1243-1316) ecclesiastic, criticized Aquinas,

Siger of Brabant (1240-1284) radical aristotelian,

Boëthius of Dacia (1240-1280)

Shri Madhvacharya (1238-1317) propounded the dualistic Vedanta,

Matthew of Aquasparta (1238-1302) Franciscan philosophical scholar

Cecco d'Ascoli (1257-1327)

Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) scholasticism, five proofs of God's existence,

Nichiren (1222-1282)

Henry of Ghent (1217-1293) neo Augustinian,

Robert Kilwardby (1215-1279)

William of Moerbeke (1215-1286) dominican monk, translated greek works into latin,

Roger Bacon (1214-1293) commentator on newly discovered work by Aristotle,

Peter of Spain (1205-1277) pope and philosopher

Dogen Zenji (1200-1253)

Albertus Magnus (1200-1280) commentator on Aristotle, teacher of Aquinas,

William of Sherwood (1190-1249)

Robert Grosseteste (1168-1253) scholar of Augustine

and Aristotle, everything is a manifestation of light,

Suhrawardi (1153-1191)

Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani (12th century)

Bernard Silvestris (1147-1178)

William of Auxerre (1140-1231) made one of the earliest systematic attempts

to reconcile the Augustinian and Aristotelian traditions in medieval philosophy,

Lu Hsiang-shan (1139-1193)

Moses Maimonides (1134-1204) physician, jurist, the guide to the perplexed

Joachim of Floris (1132-1202) mystic, history progresses

through stages corresponding to the holy trinity

Zhu Xi (1130-1200)

Alain de Lille (1128-1202)

Averroes (1126-1198) all minds are one,

John of Salisbury (1120-1180) humanist scholar,

Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187)

Bernard of Chartres (1114-1126) grammarian,

medievals are dwarfs sitting on the shoulder of giants,

Abu Bakr Ibn Tufayl (1105-1186) promoted the career

of Averroes and wrote 'Alive, Son of Awaken' a philosophical fantasy,

Herman of Carinthia (1100-1160)

Avempace (1095-1138)

William of Conches (1080-1154)

Pierre Abelard (1079-1144) is famous fo his love affair with Heloise,

held that universals are words, developed a propositional logic

Hugh of St Victor (1078-1141)

Judah Ha Levi (1075-1141) developed jewish particularism and nationalism,

Gilbert de la Porrée (1070-1154) logician, theologian

William of Champeaux (1070-1121)

Adelard of Bath (1070-1145) was a benedictine monk, who is best known for translating many

important Arabic scientific works of astrology, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics into Latin

Abu Hamid al Ghazali (1058-1111) held that the world proceeds by the will of God,

Michael Psellus the Younger (11th century)

Roscelin de Compiegne (1050-1125) taught that universals are

merely the puffs of air produced when a word is pronounced,

Bahya ibn Paquda (1040-1110)

Saint Anselm (1033-1109) was archbishop of Canterbury. His ontological argument

can be said to argue that since the supreme good and the supreme being are identical

every being is good and every good a being

Solomon Ibn Gabirol (1021-1058)

Shao Yung (1011-1077) advanced a numerological interpretation of the I Ching

Avicenna (980-1037) was a commentator on Aristotle. He synthesized the rival

approaches of the Aristotelian-Neoplatonic tradition with the

creationist monotheism of Islamic dialectical theology,

Ibn Hazm (994-1069)

Abhinavagupta (fl. 975-1025)

Gerbert of Aurillac (950-1003)

Ibn Miskawayh (936-1030) author of "On the refinement of character",

Saadiah Gaon (882-942) was a jewish exegete and lexicographer,

believed that God must be assumed to right the balances in the hereafter,

Abu Nasr al Farabi (870-950) wrote a commentary on Aristotle,

believed that religion is a symbolic representation of philosophical ideas,

Abu Bakr al Razi (854-925) taught that nature originates

from the soul's irrational desire for embodiment,

Isaac Ben Solomon Israeli (850-950)

Photius (820-891)

Anandavardhana (820-890)

Johannes Scotus Eriugena (810-877)

Abu Yusuf (800-870) is known as "the philosopher of the Arabs",

he held, with Aristotle, that the noblest philosophy is knowledge of the first cause

Zongmi (780-841)

Kukai (774-835)

Lord Pacal (703-743) mayan ruler

Dharmakirti (circa 7th century) was an Indian scholar and one of the Buddhist founders of Indian philosophical logic

Bhartrhari (570-651)

Isidore of Seville (560-636) Archbishop of Seville, said that

Philosophy is the art of arts and the science of sciences

Olympiodorus (495-565) Neoplatonist who taught in Alexandria

Cassiodorus (490-585) statesman and author,

founded two monasteries and wrote a biography of Boethius

Johannes Philoponus (490-575) the first christian aristotelian,

Simplicius (490-560) neoplatonist,

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480-525)

author of "consolation of philosophy",  has been called the last of 

the Romans and the first of the scholastic philosophers,

Bodhidharma (470-543) founder of the Zen school of Buddhism,

and the Shaolin school of Kung Fu

Damascius (462-550) last head of the Athenian Academy,

his work is an elaboration of the Neoplatonism of Proclus

Dignaga (5th century) was an Indian scholar and one of the Buddhist founders of Indian philosophical logic

Mazdak (died c. 526)

Ammonius Hermiae (440-521) Alexandrian Neoplatonist, a pupil of Proclus and teacher of Damascius and Simplicius

Proclus (412-487)

Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius (fl 400)

Vasubandhu (400) Mahayana Buddhist, said that the mind is only a stream of ideas,

Ko Hung (400) synthesized Confucian concerns with Taoist aspirations,

championed the use of drugs,

Buddhaghosa (400) Indian Buddhist scholar, famous for his Visuddhi-magga

(Way to Purity) a summary of current Buddhist doctrines

Hypatia of Alexandria (370-415) neoplatonist,

Aedesius (d. 355)

Saint Augustine (354-430)

Pelagius (354-425) founder of pelagianism, the view that through

the excercise of free will humans can attain moral perfection

Calcidius (fl. 4th cent.) Platonist and author of an important Latin translation and commentary on the Timaeus

Gaius Marius Victorinus (4th century)

Themistius (317-388) Aristotelian commentator based in Constantinople

Himerius (315-386)

Vatsyayana (300-400) author of the Kama Sutra

Iamblichus (250-325) Neoplatonic, pupil of Porphyry

Porphyry (232-304) neoplatonist,

Diogenes Laertius (225-300) source for letters of Epicurus

Cassius Longinus (213-273) literary critic, author of 'On the sublime'

Juan Chi (210-263) neo taoist,

Plotinus (204-270) emanation, union with God in ecstasy,

founder of neoplatonism

Sextus Empiricus (200) pyrrhonian skeptic,

Ammonius Saccas (200) teacher of Origen, the Socrates of neoplatonism

Diogenes of Oenoanda (200) epicurean

Alexander of Aphrodisias (ca. 200-280) peripatetic,

commentator on Aristotle, conceptualism,

Celsus (190) eclectic middle platonist and anti christian writer, the universe has

a providential organization in which humans hold no special place,

Philostratus the Athenian (172)

Julia Domna (170-217) wife of emperor Septimius Severus,

she served as protector of a philosophical circle

Tertullian (155-240) stoic, laid the basis for the doctrine of the trinity,

Demonax (fl. 2nd cent.) Cynic philosopher, pupil of Epictetus

Alcinous (fl. 2nd cent.) Platonist and author of the Handbook of Platonism

Numenius of Apamea (150) platonist,

Nagarjuna (150-250) Mahayana Buddhist, founder of the Madhyamika view,

Galen (129-210)

Marcus Aurelius (121-180) roman stoic,

Lucian of Samosata (120-180)

Aspasius (100-150)

Favorinus (80-150)

Musonius Rufus (30-100) Stoic philosopher-preacher

Lucius Annaeus Cornutus (1st century)

Agrippa (27-100) stoic, described the five

grounds for the suspension of judgment

Wang Ch'ung (27-97)

Apollonius of Tyana (2-98)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4bc-65ad) stoic, served as tutor to the young Nero

Jesus Christ (6bc-32ad)

Philo of Alexandria (20bc-50ad) sought to harmonize

Greek wisdom and Judaism by means of the art of allegory

Yang Hsiung (53 bc-18ad)

Strabo (63 bc-24ad)

Andronicus of Rhodes (80 bc) established the canon of Aristotle's works in the lyceum,

Titus Lucretius Carus (95-53 bc) epicurean

Aenesidemus (100 bc) revived pyrrhonism,

Alexander Polyhistor (105-35 bc)

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 bc) orator and statesman, he said that

"The whole life of the philosopher is a preparation for death"

Philodemus (110 bc) epicurean

Antiochus of Ascalon (130-68 bc) was an eclectic and stoic.

He ended two centuries of skepticism in the Academy,

Zeno of Sidon (150-70 bc) Epicurean philosopher

Crates of Mallus (2nd century bc)

Aksapada Gautama (2nd century bc)

Posidonius (153-51 bc) roman stoic

Philo of Larissa (160-80 bc) pupil of Kleitomachos, whom he

succeeded as head of the Third or New Academy

Panaetius (185-108 bc) was the founder of Roman Stoic philosophy

Kleitomachos (187-109 bc)

Patanjali (200 bc) author of the Yoga Sutra, a treatise on Raja Yoga

Carneades (213-129 bc) was the most prominent head of the

skeptical Academy, developed arguments against the stoics

Menippus (fl. 250 bc) Cynic philosopher and famous as a satirist

Ariston of Chios (fl. 3rd cent. bc) Stoic philosopher, a pupil of Zeno, focused primarily on ethics

Han Feizi (280-233 bc)

Chrysippus (280-206 bc) was the most voluminous

stoic writer and the third head of the school

Metrocles (fl. 300 bc)

Hegesias of Magnesia (300 bc)

Kung sun Lung Tzu (300 bc) said that a white horse is not a horse,

Diodorus Cronus (fl. 300)

Hipparchia (fl. 300 bc)

Tsou Yen (305-240 bc) was the leading exponent of the yin yang school

Xun Zi (310-237 bc)

Timon of Philus (315-225 bc) pyrrhonian skeptic,

Arcesilaus of Pitane (315-242 bc) introduced skepticism into Plato's Academy

Anniceris (320-280 bc) established a separate branch of the Cyrenaics,

the Anniceraioi who were hedonist in their practice

Metrodorus (330 bc) epicurean

Cleanthes (331-232 bc) was the second head of Stoic school, hymn to Zeus

Zeno of Citium (336-264 bc) was the founder of stoicism,

maintained that being is one and that consistency brings happiness

Anaxiphales (337 bc)

Philo of Megara (4th cent. bc)

Chuang Tzu (340-280 bc) adversary of Mencius,

Diodorus Chronos (340-280 bc)

Arete of Cyrene (fl. 4th cent. bc) daughter of Aristippus and his successor as head of the Cyrenaic school

Epicurus (341-270 bc) taught that pleasure is the only good

Menedemus (350-278 bc)

Eudemus of Rhodes (350-290 bc) was the second major

companion of Aristotle besides Theophrastus

Dicaearchus (350-285 bc) aristotelian and cartographer

Demetrius of Phaleron (350-280 bc) orator, statesman, and philosopher who

was appointed governor of Athens by the Macedonian general Cassander

Shen Dao (350-275 bc)

Chanakya (350-275 bc)

Crantor (350-270 bc)

Strato of Lampsacus (355-267 bc) succeeded

Theophrastus as head of the Lyceum,

Aristoxenus of Tarentum (364-304 bc) aristotelian, was the first to

base theory on analysis of musical practice

Pyrrho of Elis (365-270 bc) founder of greek skepticism,

Anaxarchus (370-310 bc) teacher of Pyrrho, friend of Alexander

Mencius (371-289 bc) disciple of Confucius, he taught that

human nature is good just as water flows downwards,

Eubulides of Miletus (375-300 bc)

Crates of Thebes (380-310 bc) one of the Cynics, student of Diogenes of Sinope, teacher of Zeno of Citium

Stilpo (380-330 bc) was a member of the Megarean school,

which held views similar to both stoicism and cynicism

Aristotle (384-322 bc) tutored Alexander the Great, founded his own school of philosophy called the

Peripatetics who he taught in the Lyceum. He formulated the prime mover argument for the existence

of God, and gave the first systematic account of logic. In ethics he taught the doctrine of the golden

mean and defined metaphysics as the science of being qua being,

Heraclides Ponticus (387-312 bc)

Xenocrates (396-314 bc)

Phaedo of Elis (fl. 4th century bc)

Diogenes of Sinope (412-323 bc) became the pupil of the cynic Antisthenes but soon surpassed his teacher in austerity

Plato (427-347 bc) founded the Academy which was his own school of philosophy in Athens. His most famous

work among his dialogues is "The Republic" in which he outlines an ideal society governed by philosopher 

kings who are the most prudent rulers bcause they have seen and gained knowledge of the forms of all things

Xenophon (430-350 bc) author of several Socratic dialogues,

Euclides of Megara (430-360 bc) founded the Megarian school of philosophy

Aristippus of Cyrene (435-356 bc) founder of the Cyrenaics

Isocrates (436-338 bc) chief contemporary rival of Plato, had his own school,

Antisthenes (445-360 bc) founded the Cynic school of philosophy after following Socrates and his teachings

Democritus (460-370 bc) developed the atomic theory from

Leucippus, held that the aim of life is equanimity,

Prodicus of Ceos (465-399 bc)

Aspasia (469-406 bc) mistress of Pericles, teacher of Socrates,

Socrates (470-399 bc) held "I know that I know nothing" 

and that the unexamined life is not worth living,

Diotima of Mantineia (470-410 bc) taught Socrates on love

Mo Tzu (470-391 bc) founder of Mohism, challenged Confucius,

advocated utilitarianism and impartial concern

Melissus of Samos (475-400 bc) his work is devoted to the defence of Parmenides' doctrine.

He was also a political leader in his native town and defeated the Athenian fleet of Pericles

Philolaus (480-405 bc) was the first Pythagorean to write a book,

Antiphon (480-411 bc)

Leucippus (480-420 bc) credited with founding atomism,

held that opinion is inflowing of the atoms

Hippias of Elis (481-411 bc) sophist,

Gorgias (483-376 bc) sophist, argued that nothing exists,

Archelaus (490-410 bc) pupil of Anaxagoras, teacher of Socrates

Protagoras (490-420 bc) sophist, said that for him man is the measure of all things,

Zeno of Elea (490-430 bc) called by Aristotle the inventor of the dialectic (that is

an exchange of propositions and counter-propositions resulting in a disagreement),

he is most famous for his formulation of motion and space paradoxes

Empedocles (492-432 bc) maintained that there are four elements: earth,

water, air and fire, love and strife join or separate them,

Diogenes Apolloniates (499-428 bc)

Anaxagoras (500-428 bc) explained being and perishing by assuming an infinite number of

 seeds, which are put into motion be nous (i.e. mind) that separates masses of ether

Alcmaeon (fl. 500 bc)

Maharishi Kapila (fl. 500 bc)

Parmenides (510-450 bc) founder of the eleatic school, he discovered that the earth is a sphere

and held that the phenomena of movement and change are simply appearances of a static, eternal reality

Heraclitus (535-475 bc) held that fire is the main element and that logos is the law of change

Anacharsis (6th century bc)

Epimenides (6th century bc)

Confucius (551-479 bc) formulated the golden rule in ethics:

do not impose unto others what you yourself do not desire

Buddha (563-483 bc) taught that the first noble truth is suffering and that the cause of suffering is selfish desire.

However, there is a state which transcends suffering which he referred to as Nirvana, the third moble truth.

The fourth noble truth is the Noble Eightfold Path, the Buddha's teaching on the way to attain Nirvana

Pythagoras (570-480 bc) held that number is the wisest thing

and taught a doctrine of reincarnation

Xenophanes (570-475 bc) was the first monotheists in occidental philosophy,

his epistemology was brought out again by Sir Karl Popper as critical rationalism

Pherecydes of Syros (580-499 bc) gives a history of the world

which proceeds the Greek pantheon by rationalizing it

Anaximenes (585-528 bc) held that the source of the cosmos is air,

Kanada (fl. 600 bc) was a Hindu sage who founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika

Lao Tzu (604-531 bc) founder of Taoism: the law of virtue and it's way

Anaximander (610-546 bc) held that the cosmos originates

form the boundless, drew a map of the world

Thales (624-546 bc) is the first of the greek philosophers. He held that the first principle is water and that the earth

floats on it like a raft, as well he demonstrated that philosopohy can even be a tool to become rich, when he purchased

all olive presses in Miletus and Chios before harvest time and then lent them out for money during the harvest itself

Guan Zhong (645 bc) was prime minister of Ch'i and the forefather of Legalism,

Yajnavalkya (1800 bc)

Ptahhotep (2400 bc)

Imhotep (2700 bc)

Eve (4000 bc) was the first empiricist

Adam (4000-3070 bc) became the first

rationalist when he named his wife "Eve"